Anyone who often surfs the internet knew it: the search engine sometimes displaying strange letters. The page from Scandinavia seems as being finished to be fired on with rifle, and the Russian page or Asia (Chinese /Japan) even more chaotic in a manner of typography: E+1&c%k?. It is because the application of characters is different by each country.

During 1965 the standard code in America for the exchange of information (ASCII) was created. That time the computer could only process 8 bit data (one byte) at the same time. There is 256 bit combination which is different in 1 byte, so there is available a place for 256 characters. English did not often require too many; 128 places just enough.

In early 70 ’s the IT expert in Germany used the code of parentheses elbow to display Umlaut letters. The other country also created different special unit character. On PC usage, IBM provided the eight’s bit for special sign of a kind of Umlaut. The character of the IBM unit indeed contained 128 ASCII characters at the place, but with much of various characters.

International Standards Organization (ISO) tried to overcome the disorder 8-bit-encoding system in the year 80 ’s with ISO-standards. The series that often used all over the world was the ISO-8859-1, known also as  ISO-latin-1. There was encompassed by the character of most languages in Europe.

In Chinese, Japan and Korea, not the letter that became the smallest unit of a text, but the sign that the amount around 10.000 more. This exceeded the 8-bit-encoding capacity by far; because of it, these countries using 16-bit-encoding.

The Universal Letter to Stop Disorder
In the late the 80’s the demand of an international standard for character display increasingly canned be heard high-pitched. This standard must be valid without exception and as well as possible encompassed all the signs of languages that were used in this earth. Therefore, Unicode created.

With Unicode, each sign have a special place: 256 first places were identical to the ISO-latin-1. but compatibility to the previous standard is not easy. When the system special encoding (UTF-8) not used, the “A” letter in Unicode became 0041 (the decimal), in fact it’s ASCII code is 41 (hexadecimal).

Inside of the “code space” that contained 65,536 values, the character of a languages compiled in scripts: after the Latin letter, followed the Greek alphabet, Kyril, Israel, Arabian, India, and other scripts. Next followed the punctuation mark and the symbol: finally Hiragana, Katakana, Bopomofo, and Hangul.

An extraordinary achievement was achieved by the scientists by compiling 31,000 characters of Chinese, Japan, and Korea (text-CJK). Unicode display approximately 21,000 ideograms, 10,000 same appearance in three Asian languages. Fortunately Unicode neutral towards the language.

In the end part of code there still available around 6000 places for the internal usage, example for the company’s logo. In the final Unicode version 2.0 there still available 26,000 empty places. The alphabet that not created yet are Mongolian and Ethiopia. The Hieroglyph also still waiting for the turn.

In Unicode, for the “strange” alphabets there are 4 characters control needed, respectively one for the end sentence and the end of paragraph, as well as 2 for the writing direction. The character control for the writing direction from right to left, needed on Arabic, while the normally direction only needed as the latitude direction sign at the end a contradictory text direction.

This standard Unicode slowly consolidated itself: Windows NT and MacOS internally worked with Unicode. With Lucida Sans Serif, NT have fonts that including 1300 characters. MacOS from Apple permitted the file name in Unicode. Moreover WWW-Consortium put Unicode as a standard of the character web in the future. Currently depended on the application developer, will the internet or the word of processor really be make to universal tool?

A low-energetic system will overwhelmed when dealing with Windows, even if its have a large memory and hard disk capacity. Linux can indeed overcome the problem of hard drive capacity seizure, but for most people Linux is still feels not friendly enough.

One of the solutions that are fathommed by a number of vendors is to create an operating system that specially designed for netbook and nettop. For examples Good OS product “Cloud”. Cloud OS hardware demands is low: x86 processor, 128MB RAM, 35MB storage space. This lightweight and fast-booting Operating system as much as possible take advantage of Internet-based applications.

Cloud OS has been introduced at the CES event in the U.S. in early 2009. Besides Cloud OS, there also another candidate named Jolicloud, the details are not yet available.

Cloud OS Ready To Trump The Market of Netbook Operating System

Good OS, a company based in California which famous for its gOS, return to announces the launch of a new operating system in the name of Cloud Netbook World Summit in Paris.

Unlike most quick-start software that allows users to check email or play music soon after turning the computer on, Good OS create a ‘wrapper’ that allows to run almost all the main rich-client applications from within the browser. Cloud is a browser-based operating system, provide to users a browser than a desktop.

At first impression, the browser is very similar to Google Chrome, although it does not have any official relationship between Google and gOS. Then there is a Dock that has a similarity with the OSX Dock at the bottom of the browser, which provides quick access to a number of applications such as meebo, Youtube and several popular applications from Google. A quite interesting is that the user can boot to Windows directly from the Dock.

Required computer specifications to run the operating system is quite small (according to the official website), only need 128 MB Ram and storage space about 35 MB. With only that small space would make Cloud operating system a strong candidate to be used in NetBook system or run in USB.

I also have not read the book since I know that on the web there are sites that teach how to use programming commands. And the learning process on the web can be quite fun, because we can practice directly.

Here are some that I often visit when I want to learn:

1. W3Schools – Many of Internet users certainly know this web. Yeah, W3Schools is a site that accessed by most people who want to learn programming and web design. Teaching steps from basic to advanced level.

2. QuackIT – A site that is similar to W3Schools concept, but not as complete as W3Schools. In some cases, I like the presentation manner on this web. The access is faster than W3Schools, probably because it’s not famous as W3School yet.

3. About - site of a lot of things. Learning web design is only a small part of this site. We suggest you to use the search facility to explore what things you want to learn. Many good tips you can practice to build a better site.

As a basic for beginner, you should learn HTML, CSS and PHP first. Additionally you can study SQL if you plan to make website that use database.

Mozilla wrote on their blog that “all persons are invited to participate in this project, you do not even have to write program. Mozilla particularly interested to discuss with the designers who are not involved in open source projects. And we want a broad participation, not the fully implementation.”

Nothing is more important than the way we interact with the web, and much potential for progress on this side. For example, two months ago we have been discussing the concept of interaction or Mozilla Mobile “Fennec” developed Aza Raskin from Mozilla.

Aurora
To give you a little idea of what is referred to as the future concept of the browser, Mozilla provides several examples, one of which is “Aurora“, a project developed by Adaptive Path. Aurora is a concept where users can interact through a web-based technology trends and various scenarios.

Bookmarking & History Concept
Wei Zhou also provide a visualization and a better interaction with bookmarks, history and other browser elements.

Firefox Mobile concept
And the last is the experimental interface developed by Aza Raskin, for you who have not yet know about the concept of Firefox Mobile.

To participate, Mozilla will soon provide a better way to distribute your concept. For now, what you can do is show your concept through of your favorites way. If you have any ideas, write in your blog. If you have a mockup image, place it in Flickr and tell your friend. If you have prototype, place on your site and announce on Mozilla discussion forum.

*.MSI

A compression file by Windows, known as Windows installer, today this is the standard of packing format from Microsoft Windows.

*.DEB

A format distribution pack form Debian Package.

*.RPM

A software format packet that created by Red Hat. Many used by another packet distribution.

*.CAB

CAB is a short-term from Cabinet, the first compression format from Microsoft Windows that many used by another commercial software installer like InstallShield, WISE, and InstallAware.

*.RAR

One of the most popular compression formats.

*.ZIP

The common compression that used on Microsoft Windows, often used on Macintosh and Unix system.

*.TAR

Also known as Tape Archive, it’s a common format that often used on Unix/Linux system.

*.TAR.GZ

A combination of TAR and file-based compression format (commonly gzip). Widely used for file source and binary distribution on Unix/Linux platform.

*.JAR

A Java Archive. This compression type is a ZIP format modification.

Error is a scary word in the world of programming. Programmer is the person to be blame if there are errors in an application when used. To avoid such things, you must understand and fix any kind of errors in programming. Almost every application must pass various kinds of error before it can work perfectly, the bigger application being built, and the bigger mistake that could arise. It is difficult to imagine if you could type hundreds line of code without find any error when it runs or compiled in the first time. So here we go the 3 most common error list on the programming:

Syntax Error

The most often error found is error in syntax, which is the code that being typed are against the rule of coding of the programming language that used. A programming language has specific coding rules that must be obey. For example in Pascal or Delphi, each statement must be terminated with semicolon (;). If not doing this, the program will raise an error when run.

Every programming language has keywords, for example is ‘if’ condition, ‘for’ or ‘while’ syntax, function terms and arithmetic like modulus, etc. Mistake in write this keyword will cause syntax error. This syntax error is an error that is most often found in programming, but usually it’s the most easily to fix. Some programming language provides Auto Syntax Check facility, which will provide warning message when you typed a wrong syntax.

Run-Time Error

This mistake type happens when program code runs something that couldn’t be carrying out. For example, a program that tries to access unavailable file, or there is an allocation memory error.

Sometimes Run-Time Error happens because some kind of aspect and not always caused by programming mistake. If you deleted some important file that used by a program, then possibly it will get the Run-Time Error when those program runs. Maximal prevention can be carry out by using validation and user-friendly message.

Logical Error

Logical error is an error type that often difficult to identify its cause. Application that contains this error runs without error message warning, but the error will be detected when the program is tested. Logical Error can be fixed by checking program line and the variable value of the code.