Welcome to the Nano Technology
The future will be seen smaller. Various chip equipment will be created in a measurement of the molecule or atom. Here are the beginning of the nano technological era.
Richard Feynman, a physicist and the winner of Nobel prize, had imagined about objects in the smallest size. When pocket calculator model was still not realized, Feynman begun to think about the world of science and technology sensational theme, the computer nano.
In paper that he presented to the Association of American Physicist about 50 years ago (to be precise on December 29 1959), Feynman discussed how to create the smallest structure, and whether the computer could work in the measurement of the atom. Now – 20 years after he’s died – the Feynman idea about the futuristic nano technology is still admired by the scientists.
The term nano came from the Greek language, the gnome. In physics this term used as the measurement unit that initially only as big as 1/1.000.000.000 meters. 1 nanometer (nm) is 1/1.000.000.000 meter or 1/1.000.000 millimeter. As the comparison, a sheet of human hair is still 10,000 times thicker than this unit, or were the same as 3 to 5 atoms.
Nano technology often used to support the very small micro-electronics chip procedure –unseen by the human eyes. Some example, the smallest transistor products now measured approximately 200 nm. This ultra small size could not be seen with the normal microscope. Therefore we need the raster electron microscope so that the details of the transistor and chip could be seen. If the progress in information technology continue, then in 15 years the electronics component will be created in the measurement 10 times smaller, to approximately 10 nm. This comparable with the row 40 atoms.
The transistor: shrank 1,000 times
Today several transistors have begin to be created in the smaller measurement 1,000 times if compared to 30 years ago. The chip production method that currently better and softer enabled to make the structure be as small as that exactly without defect.
A transistor that created in 1970 in the measurement around a hundredth millimeter, became 10 times smaller in 15 years afterwards. Moreover currently has been smaller 10 times more. The smaller component had 2 surpluses: more fast and cheaper. Because of that PC also increasingly cheap, although its capacity increased. When previously computer need 1/10 second for a counting operation, currently only in several nanosecond results could be seen. Far more faster compared to in the beginning computer period.
This development afterwards clarified by Bill Gates, the former leader Microsoft, 5 years ago in the biggest computer exhibition in America, Comdex in Las Vegas. “If Motor components also experienced the technology development as fast as micro-electronics, then currently we could have a car costing 25 dollar, that only needed a quarter litre petrol for 100 km distance.
Naturally as Example: the Nano Sel Technique and Gen
Nature knew technology nano since long ago, for example the molecule organic in the living cell creatures. Prof. Rick Smalley, the winner of the Nobel prize in chemistry, in 1996 named it “the wet side of nano technology” because basically the cell contained water, only functioned in the wet media.
This nano organic machine is amazing. They could produce protein, built the structure based on the certain plan, reproduce itself, and control the process flexibly in accordance with outside condition. They had the place to store the data that the density of its information exceeded all the other medias in the world. This storage data is gen.
However technology nano organic could not just be applied in computer technology. Certain matters could not functioned in water, for example the fast electricity channel or the structure of strong mechanics. Whereas this two things is important for each based component plan mechanics and electricity. To make the atom measurement’s computer we need “dry” nano technology.
Hope of the Future: Dry Nano Technology
Many researcher all over the world currently looks for the solution that could be realizated. Germany including the developed countries that in the upper with research facilities that were subsidised by their government, the university, and the development lab in the industrial company. They said that technology nano and electronics nano is the future key technology.
Seen from these efforts, then could be concluded that the world interest in nano technology is very big, although in fact the problem to deal with is very big.One of the main difficulties is to create the smallest structure technically, especially to the long wave factor measuring light 380-780 nm for unseen light. Chip made with the illumination process (lithografi). If the measurement of its structure same as the long wave, then its side became not sharp –none precision. The engineers looked for the way out from this problem by using the shortest wave light, that is “blue light” to UV. Others used the shorter wave, the X rays and electron.
Nano Tool: the Rastertunnel Microscope and Kraft
The conclusion is: the light is inexact for the nano structure production because the long wave factor. But now the measurement nano could reached by a tool that could show the object in the atom measurement: Rastertunnel microscope. This solution was found by the Germany physicist, Gerd Binning with his colleague, Heinrich Rohrer. They got the Nobel prize in 1986 for this discovery.
With this microscope, the object surface could be read electrically, atom by atom. – a breakthrough for technology nano. Few year after, the discovery followed with the other discovery, the Kraft microscope. It’s principle is simple: a small needle pressed the object surface– like in black plate rotater. This needle moved to everywhere to read material with equal power pressing. Therefore each object surface that had sunken parts could be accessed and then displayed to the monitor.
The Supersmall data storage
Mikroskop Rastertunnel and Kraft media could be also used as help tool. “Like our finger, this microscope could feel the object but also could manipulating”, according to Dr. Heribert Lorenz, the scientist in Center for Nanoscience (the Muenchen University) and the director of the Nanotools company. Lorenz succeeded in placing the needle from carbon that as hard as the diamond and very strong to the censor silicum. But the length only several micrometer and the thick several nanometer. “If this implement was enlarged, it form was similar to Giza pyramid with a television tower in the upper”, said Lorenz. With this very small needle, an atom could be moved, lifted and shifted.
The further experts efforts were, pried up atom by the atom from a surface in such a way so could used as data storage. Therefore information could be kept in a small media that had been never reached before. For example: the contents of all the available telephone books in the world will be kept only in a media measuring 1 x 1 mm. “The write speed in Kraft microscope to keep data still really low”, said Lorenz. “the data writing process on 1 square mm media needed time around 30,000 years”.
Quantum mechanics: the Commencement of the Nano Era
From all achieved research progress, there is still one hindrance that not yet solved. The nano structure consisted of a small group of atom particle, and in the atom world there many physics effects that not we understand, like: the particle that not quiet in a place, but could be in several places at the same time. They penetrated the wall or jumped from a place to the other place. Moreover they could only receive or release energy in the certain condition. This was named ”the law of mechanics quantum”. Definitely not the exact foundation for a computer and the data storage. Therefore, the wall of electronics data storage must have thick minimal 20 atoms. If not, then the effect tunnel (channel) happened, the loss of electrons through the wall and this media will be destroyed.
However not all regarded this as a barrier that could not be overcome.On the other hand, several experts currently try to use of the mechanics quantum law for the next computer generation furthermore. Estimated, the exact solution will found around the next 50 years. Nevertheless, currently the scientists could create several elements for computer quantum. One of them is technology nano that help to develope the production process for new chip generation, like the reactive transistor in a manner electron per electron, the thin wire that only delivered electricity in the certain condition, and the other sophisticated technique to tame quantum mechanics.
Despite from all the technology progress and the research at this time, according to the experts estimate, all this just the first step towards the era nano and could not be reached before year 2020.
The dimension was more smaller…
Nano is the Greek term for gnome and indicated trend that very strong to miniaturisation in the computer industry.
Mili = 1/1.000
Micro = 1/1.000.000
Nano = 1/1.000.000.000
Piko = 1/1.000.000.000.000
Femto = 1/1.000.000.000.000.000
Atto = 1/1.000.000.000.000.000.000
the World Record: the thinnest wire in the world
This discovery of a wire that only as thick as atom. Developed by Dr. Elke Scheer with her team in research centre in Saclay (France) and in the Karlsruhe University (Germany). Her work method as follows: By placing the very thin wire to the flex material. This material is curvated in such a way so the wire is pulled and finally was cut off. Afterwards returned a little in the contrary direction, until happening contact between an atom to the other atom to the place that was cut off.
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” spurt of sand with Ion” Piramida to one chip
Dr. Thomas Dekorsky and Stefan Fasco succeeded to build the Nano pyramid in the arranged form with the spurting of “sand” to the surface chip. Atoms were fired to the surface so as to be formed the pile had the shape of the pyramid. These pyramids could be used as the quantum point and was suitable for the nano laser component, the nano transistor, and the electronics depositor media that shaped of the point
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